If you are interested in learning more about natural sciences and Islam, the materials presented below will provide a variety of academic sources from which to choose.

The list below is in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.  Click here to see the list sorted by topics.

These sources are in English only, since the videos in the Portal are all in English.  There are materials in other languages as well.  Consult a librarian for assistance finding materials in other languages.  Compiled by Vika Gardner.

Abattouy, Mohammed. 2008. “The Arabic Science of Weights (‘Ilm al-Athqāl):  Textual Tradition and Significance in the History of Mechanics.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 83-114. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Abdel-Halim, Rabie el-Said. 2014. Medicine and health in medieval Islamic poetry:  an historical review. In Muslim heritage:  discover the golden age of Muslim civilisation: Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation.

Abugideiri, Hibba. 2010. Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt, Empires and the Making of the Modern World, 1650–2000. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

AbūSulaymān, ‘AbdulḤamīd, ed. 1989. Islamization of Knowledge:  General Principles and Work Plan. 2nd ed. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean. 2012. “The Qur’an and Science.” In Contemporary Approaches to the Qur’an and Sunnah, edited by Mahmoud Ayoub, 100-117. London / Washington: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

al-Adjdad, Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Manzoor. 2008. “The Naqīb of Ray Alids and His Support of Scientists.”  Iranian Studies 41 (4):529-536.

al-Afghani, Sayyid Jamal al-Din. 2000, 2002. “Religion versus Science.” In Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam:  A Reader, edited by Mansoor Moaddel and Kamran Talattof, 23-28. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Original edition, University of California Press, 1968.

Al-Allaf, Mashhad. 2009. “Qur’anic Statements and Protocol Sentences of Science:  Are “Protocol Sentences” of science and “Core Statements” of religion two mutually inconsistent foundations of the same worldview?”  Transcendent Philosophy 10:53-69.

al-Hassan, A. Y., and D. R. Hill. 1986. Islamic Technology.  An Illustrated History. Paris / Cambridge: UNESCO / Cambridge University Press.

al-Hassani, Salim T. S. 2008. “1000 Years of Missing Industrial History.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 57-82. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

al-Hassani, Salim T. S. 2012. 1001 Inventions:  The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization 3rd ed. Washington, DC: National Geographic / Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, Inc.

al-Khalili, Jim. 2012. The House of Wisdom:  How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. New York: Penguin Books. Original edition, London, 2010.

al-Sulamī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. 2004. Questions and Answers for Physicians:  A Medieval Arabic Study Manual by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Sulamī. Translated by Gary Leiser and Noury Al-Khaledy. Edited by Charles Burnett, Dominik Wujastyk and Paul U. Unschuld, Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Series. Leiden / Boston: Brill.

Allgaier, Joachim. 2014. “United Kingdom.” In Creationism in Europe, edited by Stefaan Blancke, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev and Peter C. Kjærgaard, 50-64. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ambjörn, Lena. 2008. “A New Source for the History of Medicine:  an Arabic Medical Handbook from the 10th Century.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 227-235. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Amster, Ellen J. 2013. Medicine and the Saints:  Science, Islam and the Colonial Encounter in Morocco, 1877-1956. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Arda, Halil. 2009. “Sex, Flies, and Videotape:  The Secret Lives of Harun Yahya.” New Humanist. https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/2131/sex-flies-and-videotape-the-secret-lives-of-harun-yahya.

Azadi, Tannaz, Rogheyeh Eskrootchi, Roohangiz Jamshidi Orak, and Niloofar Mohaghegh. 2014. “Usability Evaluation of the Web Pages of the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), Islamic Countries SCI database.”  International Journal of Information Science and Management 12 (1):11-22.

Bagir, Zainal Abidin. 2012. “Practice and the Agenda of “Islam and Science”.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 47 (2):354-366.

Bakar, Osman. 1999. The History and Philosophy of Islamic Science. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society.

Beckwith, Christopher I. 2012. Warriors of the Cloisters: The Central Asian Origins of Science in the Medieval World. Princeton / Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Bellver, José. 2008. “On Jābir b. Aflaḥ’s Criticism of Ptolemy’s Almagest.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 181-189. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Belting, Hans. 2011. Florence and Baghdad:  Renaissance Art and Arab Science. Translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider: Harvard University Press.

Bennison, Amira K. 2009. The Great Caliphs:  The Golden Age of the ʿAbbasid Empire. New Haven / London: Yale University Press.

Berggren, J. Lennart. 2003. “Tenth-Century Mathematics through the Eyes of Abū Sahl al-Kūhī.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 177-196. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Bier, Carol. 2008. “Art and Mithāl:  Reading Geometry as Visual Commentary.”  Iranian Studies 41 (4):491-510.

Bigliardi, Stafano. 2014. Islam and the Quest for Modern Science:  Conversations with Adnan Oktar, Mehdi Golshani, Mohammed Basil Altaie, Zaghloul El-Naggar, Bruno Guiderdoni and Nidhal Guessoum, Transactions. Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul.

_____. 2014. “Who’s Afraid of Theoscientography?  An Interpretive Hypothesis on Harun Yahya.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 49 (1):66-80.

_____. 2014. “The Contemporary Debate on Harmony between Islam and Science:  Emergence and Challenges of a New Generation.”  Social Epistemology 28 (2):167-186.

_____. 2014. “The Contemporary Debate on the Harmony between Islam and Science:  Emergence and Challenges of a New Generation.”  Social Epistemology: A Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Policy 28 (2):167-186.

_____. 2012. “The Strange Case of Dr. Bucaille:  Notes for a Re-examination.”  The Muslim World 102:248-263.

_____. 2012. “Barbour’s Typologies and the Contemporary Debate on Islam and Science.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 47 (3):501-519.

_____. 2011. “Snakes from Staves?  Science, Scriptures, and the Supernatural in Maurice Bucaille.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 46 (4):793-805.

Blancke, Stefaan, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, Johan Braeckman, and Peter C. Kjærgaard. 2013. “Creationism in Europe:  Facts, Gaps, and Prospects.”  Journal of the American Academy of Religion 81 (4):996-1028.

Blancke, Stefaan, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, and Peter C. Kjærgaard, eds. 2014. Creationism in Europe. Edited by Ronald L. Numbers, Medicine, Science, and Religion in Historical Context. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Brentjes, Sonja. 2008. “Shams al-Dīn al-Sakhāwī on Muwaqqits, Mu’adhdhins, and the Teachers of Various Astronomical Disciplines in Mamluk Cities in the Fifteenth Century.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 129-150. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Burnett, Charles. 2003. “The Transmission of Arabic Astronomy via Antioch and Pisa in the Second Quarter of the Twelfth Century.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 23-51. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Cajee, Mas’ood. 2011. “Circular Calculus and Elliptical Realities:  The Standardization of the Islamic Lunar Calendar in the United States, 1966-2006.”  Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 31 (3):441-462.

Calvo, Emilia. 2008. “Mīqāt in Ibn Bāṣo’s al-Risāla fī l-Ṣafīḥa al-Mujayyaba Dhāt al-Awtār (Treatise on the Plate of Sines).” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 151-174. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Calvo, Emilia, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig, and Mònica Ruis, eds. 2008. A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Canavas, Constantin. 2008. “Hydraulic Imagery in Medieval Arabic Texts.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 25-34. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Chipman, Leigh. 2009. The World of Pharmacy and Pharmacists in Mamlūk Cairo, Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Series. Leiden: Brill.

Chittick, William C. 2002. “Rumi’s Doctrine of Evolution.”  Iqbal Review 43 (ii):63-81.

Clark, Kelly James. 2014. Religion and the Sciences of Origins:  Historical and Contemporary Discussions. New York / Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Copestake, Timothy. 2005. When the Moors Ruled Europe. Spain, al-Andalus.

Dajani, Rana. 2012. “Evolution and Islam’s Quantum Question.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 47 (2):343-353.

Dallal, Ahmad. 2010. Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History, Terry Lecture Series. New Haven, CT / London: Yale University Press.

Davies, Daniel. 2010. “Creation and the context of theology and science in Maimonides and Crescas.” In Creation and the God of Abraham, edited by David B. Burrell, Carlo Cogliati, Janet M. Soskice and WIlliam R. Stoeger, 65-76. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press.

de Young, Gregg. 2008. “Recovering Truncated Texts:  Examples from the Euclidean Transmission.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 247-281. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Determann, Jörg Matthias. 2015. Researching Biology and Evolution in the Gulf:  Networks of Science in the Middle East, Library of Modern Middle East Studies: I.B. Tauris.

Diyāb, Adīb Nāyif. 1990. “al-Ghazālī.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 424-445. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Djebbar, Ahmed. 2003. “A Panorama of Research on the History of Mathematics in al-Andalus and the Maghrib between the Ninth and Sixteenth Centuries.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 309-350. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Dold-Samplonius, Yvonne. 2003. “Calculating Surface Areas and Volumes in Islamic Architecture.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 235-266. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Edis, Taner. 2007. An Illusion of Harmony:  Science and Religion in Islam. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

El-Rouayheb, Khaled. 2015. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century:  Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. New York: Cambridge University Press.

ElShakry, Marwa. 2013. Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860-1950. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press.

Endress, Gerhard. 2003. “Mathematics and Philosophy in Medieval Islam.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 121-176. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Freely, John. 2011. Light From the East:  How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World: I.B. Tauris.

Gardner, Robert. 2000. Islam:  Empire of Faith. Public Broadcasting Service.

Ghaly, Mohammed. 2014. “Human Embryology in the Islamic Tradition:  The Jurists of the Post-formative Era in Focus.”  Islamic Law and Society 21 (3):157-208.

_____. 2012. “The Beginning of Human Life:  Islamic Bioethical Perspectives.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 47 (1):175-213.

Gianotti, Timothy J. 2011. “Beyond Both Law and Theology:  An Introduction to al-Ghazālī’s “Science of the Way of the Afterlife” in Reviving Religious Knowledge (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn).”  Muslim World 101 (4):597-613.

Giladi, Avner. 2015. “Sex, Marriage and the Family in Al-Ghazālī’s Thought:  Some Preliminary Notes.” In Islam and Rationality:  The Impact of al-Ghazālī.  Papers collected on his 900th anniversary.  Volume 1, edited by Georges Tamer, 165-185. Leiden / Boston: Brill.

Golshani, Mehdi. 2012. “Quantum Theory, Causality, and Islamic Thought.” In The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science, edited by James W. Haag, Gregory R. Peterson and Michael L. Spezio, 179-190. Abington, UK / New York: Routledge.

Goodman, L. E. 1990. “The translation of Greek materials into Arabic.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 477-497. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gropp, Harald. 2008. “Bin Waḥshiyya’s 93 Alphabets and Mathematics.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 175-180. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Guessoum, Nidhal. 2012. “Issues and Agendas of Islam and Science.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 47 (2):367-387.

_____. 2011. Islam’s Quantum Question: I.B. Tauris.

_____. 2008. “The Qur’an, Science, and the (Related) Contemporary Muslim Discourse.”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 43 (2):411-431.

Hameed, Salman. 2014. “Making sense of Islamic creationism in Europe.”  Public Understanding of Science:1-12.

_____. 2012. “Walking the Tightrope of the Science and Religion Boundary ”  Zygon:  Journal of Religion and Science 47 (2):337-342.

_____. 2010, 2011. “Evolution and creationism in the Islamic world.” In Science and Religion:  New Historical Perspectives, edited by Thomas Dixon, Geoffrey Cantor and Stephen Pumfrey, 133-152. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hattstein, Markus. 2004, 2011. “Science in Islam.” In Islam:  Art and Architecture, edited by Markus Hattstein and Peter Delius, 54-57. n.l.: Ullmann / Tandem Verlag.

Hehmeyer, Ingrid, Hanne Schönig, and Anne Regourd, eds. 2012. Herbal Medicine in Yemen:  Traditional Knowledge and Practice, and Their Value for Today’s World, Islamic History and Civilization: Brill.

Hill, Donald R. 1993. Islamic Science and Engineering: Edinburgh University Press.

_____. 1990. “The literature of Arabic alchemy.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 328-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

_____. 1990. “Mathematics and applied science.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 248-273. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hogensijk, Jan P., and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, eds. 2003. The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Hoodbhoy, Pervez. 1991. Islam and Science:  Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality: Zed Books.

Hopkins, J. F. P. 1990. “Geographical and navigational literature.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 301-327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Howard, Damian. 2011, 2014. Being Human in Islam: The Impact of the Evolutionary Worldview. Edited by Ian Richard Netton, Culture and Civilization in the Middle East. New York / UK: Routledge.

Huff, Toby E. 2010. Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution:  A Global Perspective: Cambridge University Press.

Hussein, Mahmoud, and Philippe Calderon. 1999, 2000. From Arabic to Latin:  The Assimilation of Arabic Knowledge. In When the World Spoke Arabic. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences.

Hussein, Mahmoud, and Philippe Calderon. 1999, 2000. An Empire Rises from the Sands:  Once Upon a Time, Baghdad. In When the World Spoke Arabic. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences.

_____. 1999, 2000. The Andalusian Epic:  Islamic Spain. In When the World Spoke Arabic. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences.

Iqbal, Muzaffar. 2002. Islam and Science, Ashgate Science and Religion Series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Isaacs, Haskell D. 1990. “Arabic medical literature.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 342-363. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ivry, Alfred L. 1990. “al-Fārābī.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 378-388. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Javadi, Mohsen. 2008. “Spiritual Medicine in the Muslim World with Special Emphasis on Rāzī’s Book.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 215-226. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Jones, Toby Craig. 2010. Desert Kingdom:  How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia: Harvard University Press.

Kennedy, E. S. 1986. “The Exact Sciences in Timurid Iran.” In The Cambridge History of Iran.  Volume 6.  The Timurid and Safavid Periods, edited by Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, 568-580. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kheirandish, Elaheh. 2003. “The Many Aspects of ‘Appearances’:  Arabic Optics to 950 AD.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 55-84. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

King, David A. 2014. In Synchrony with the Heavens.  Volume 1. Call of the Muezzin, Studies I-IX. Vol. 1, Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Leiden: Brill.

_____. 2008. “Islamic Astronomical Instruments and Some Examples of Transmission to Europe.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 321-360. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

_____. 1990. “Astronomy.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 274-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kristeller, Paul Oskar. 1996. “The School of Salerno:  Its Development and its Contribution to the History of Learning.”  Islamic Medicine 43:356-398.

Kunitzsch, Paul. 2003. “The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 3-22. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Kunitzsch, Paul. 2008. “Science between East and West:  A Domain of Translation.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 117-127. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Langermann, Y. Tzvi. 2003. “Another Andalusian Revolt?  Ibn Rushd’s Critique of al-Kindi’s Pharmacological Computus.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 351-372. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Lettinck, Paul. 2008. “Science in Adab Literature.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 237-245. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Lewis, Bernard. 1982. The Muslim Discovery of Europe. New York: W. W. Norton.

Lewis, James R., and Olav Hammer, eds. 2011. Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. Edited by James R. Lewis, Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden / Boston: Brill.

Majid, DS Adnan. 2015. “Qurʾānic Interpretive Latitude and Human Evolution:  A Case Study.”  al-Bayān:  Journal of Qurʾān and Ḥadīth Studies 12:95-114.

Maseko, Zola. 2009. The Manuscripts of Timbuktu. Mali, South Africa: California Newsreel.

Masood, Ehsan. 2009. Science & Islam:  A History. London: Icon Books.

Miremadi, Tahereh. 2014. “The Role of Discourse of Techno-Nationalism and Social Entrepreneurship in the Process of Development of New Technology: A Case Study of Stem Cell Research and Therapy in Iran.”  Iranian Studies 47 (1):1-20.

Moosa, Ebrahim. 2014. “Muslim Attitudes towards Evolutionary Science.” Contending Modernities:  A blog about Catholic, Muslim and Secular interaction in the modern world. https://blogs.nd.edu/contendingmodernities/2014/02/07/muslim-attitudes-towards-evolutionary-science/.

Morgan, Michael Hamilton. 2007. Lost History:  The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists. Washington, DC: National Geographic.

Morrison, Robert. 2007, 2010. Islam and Science:  The Intellectual Career of Niẓām al-Dīn al-Nīsābūrī. Edited by Ian R. Netton, Culture and Civilization in the Middle East. London / New York: Routledge.

Morrison, Scott. 2014. “Muslim Selbstverständnis:  Ahmet Davutoǧlu answers Husserl’s Crisis of European Sciences.”  The Muslim World 104 (1-2):150-170.

Muborakshoeva, Marodsiton. 2012. Islam and Higher Education: Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities, Routledge Contemporary South Asia NY / UK: Routledge.

Nogales, Salvador Gómez. 1990. “Ibn Sīnā.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 389-404. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nomanul Haq, Syed. 2009. “Myth 4.  That Medieval Islamic Culture Was Inhospitable to Science.” In Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion, edited by Ronald L. Numbers, 35-42. Cambridge, MA / London: Harvard University Press.

North, John. 2008. Cosmos:  An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press.

Numbers, Ronald L. 2010. “Scientific creationism and intelligent design.” In The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion, edited by Peter Harrison, 127-147. Cambridge / New York: Cambridge University Press.

Pfeiffer, Judith, ed. 2013. Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th – 15th Century Tabriz, Iranian Studies. Leiden: Brill.

Pingree, David. 2003. “The Sarvasiddhāntarāja of Nityānanda.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 269-284. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

_____. 1990. “Astrology.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 290-300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Principe, Lawrence M. 2002. History of Science:  Antiquity to 1700.  Part II [Medieval Period]. Chantilly, VA: The Teaching Company.

Ragab, Ahmed. 2012. “Islam and Science.” In The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science, edited by James W. Haag, Gregory R. Peterson and Michael L. Spezio, 45-57. Abington, UK / New York: Routledge.

Ragep, F. Jamil, and Sally P. Ragep. 2008. “The Islamic Scientific Manuscript Initiative (ISMI).  Towards a Sociology of the Exact Sciences in Islam.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 15-21. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

Raju, C. K. 2003. The Eleven Pictures of Time:  The Physics, Philosophy, and Politics of Time Beliefs. New Delhi / Thousand Oaks / London: Sage Publications.

Riexinger, Martin. 2014. “Turkey.” In Creationism in Europe, edited by Stefaan Blancke, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev and Peter C. Kjærgaard, 180-198. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

_____. 2011. “Islamic Opposition to the Darwinian Theory of Evolution.” In Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, edited by James R. Lewis and Olav Hammer, 483-510. Leiden / Boston: Brill.

_____. 2009. “Responses of South Asian Muslims to the Theory of Evolution.”  Die Welt des Islams 49 (2):212-247.

_____. 2002. “The Islamic creationism of Harun Yahya.”  Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World 11:5.

Rosenthal, Franz. 1992. “The Classification of the Sciences and Methods of Research and Teaching.” In The Classical Heritage in Islam, 52-73. London: Routledge.

_____. 1970. Knowledge Triumphant.  The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam. Brill Classics in Islam. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Sabra, A. I. 2003. “Ibn al-Haytham’s Revolutionaru Project in Optics:  The Achievement and the Obstacle.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 85-118. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Saliba, George. 2011. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald, Transformations:  Studies in the History fo Science and Technology. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

_____. 2008. “Embedding Scientific Ideas as a Mode of Science Transmission.” In A Shared Legacy:  Islamic Science East and West.  Homage to professor J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa, edited by Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig and Mònica Ruis, 193-213. Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions / Universitat de Barcelona.

_____. 1990. “Al-Bīrūnī and the sciences of his time.” In Religion, Learning and Science in the ʿAbbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant, 405-423. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Samman, Khaldoun. 2010. The Clash of Modernities:  The Islamist Challenge to Arab, Jewish, and Turkish Nationalism, Studies in Comparative Social Science: Paradigm Publishers.

Samsó, Julio. 2003. “On the Lunar Tables in Sanjaq Dār’s Zīj al-Sharīf.” In The Enterprise of Science in Islam:  New Perspectives, edited by Jan P. Hogensijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra, 285-306. Cambridge, MA / London: The MIT Press.

Samuel, Geoffrey, and Santi Rozario. 2010. “Contesting science for Islam:  the media as a source of revisionist knowledge in the lives of young Bangladeshis.”  Contemporary South Asia 18 (4):427-441.

Sardar, Ziauddin. 2011. Reading the Qur’an:  The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press.

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